This document describes results from the 2020 global OHI assessment. This is mostly an internal document to explore and check results. It also creates the figures used on the website and in other documents.
These data are the OHI scores for the eez regions of 220 countries and territories from 2012 to 2020.
Region 0 is the global average scores, which are calculated using an area-weighted average of the region scores (status, likely future state, and score).
This section describes global patterns in index and goal scores. The overall global score was 71.78.
Alternative color scale
Average global performance of the 10 goals.
Flower plots for each region can be downloaded from here
Country index scores for 2020. Maps describing goal and index scores can be downloaded from here.
Distribution of country index scores. The median index score among countries was 70.31.
The regions with index scores of 80 or greater are:
| region_name | Index |
|---|---|
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 93.27 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 91.75 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 87.92 |
| Germany | 87.87 |
| Jarvis Island | 85.72 |
| Greenland | 85.66 |
| Seychelles | 84.79 |
| Glorioso Islands | 84.43 |
| Saba | 83.92 |
| Jan Mayen | 83.74 |
| Aruba | 83.31 |
| Clipperton Island | 83.01 |
| Estonia | 82.77 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 82.60 |
| Ile Europa | 82.56 |
| United Arab Emirates | 82.30 |
| Norway | 81.87 |
| Norfolk Island | 81.64 |
| Curacao | 81.01 |
| Netherlands | 80.81 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 80.46 |
| Palmyra Atoll | 80.26 |
| Bahamas | 80.14 |
| New Caledonia | 80.03 |
The regions with index scores of 50 or less are:
| region_name | Index |
|---|---|
| Syria | 49.45 |
| Liberia | 48.77 |
| Libya | 48.37 |
| Nicaragua | 47.91 |
| Sierra Leone | 47.45 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 46.92 |
| Ivory Coast | 44.71 |
Carpet plot figure (download as high resolution png) providing an overview of the scores from the 2020 assessment. Each row represents a region, the main groupings represent goals, and within each goal there are 7 years of data. Black regions indicate no data.
Don’t try too hard to interpret the results for specific countries/goals/years!!
This plot is good for providing a quick overview of:
This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the regions in 2020 (or, download csv version):
Trend values are slope estimates from a linear model of scores for each region/goal over the past 9 years. Positive values indicate increasing scores during the past 9 years and negative values indicate decreasing scores.
A color-coded table of trend values for each country is available here (as well as a csv file).
NOTE: Currently, these data include the livelihoods and economies goal but these results should be viewed sceptically because these data were last updated for the 2013 assessment. Many other goals contain components with poor data resolution (i.e., infrequently, or never, measured over time).
The following table provides the global scores (eez area weighted average of region scores) for the Index and goals/subgoals for all years.
Table View
| goal | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | 70.91 | 71.84 | 72.01 | 72.02 | 72.20 | 72.28 | 72.36 | 72.14 | 71.78 |
| Artisanal opportunities | 75.69 | 76.02 | 76.34 | 76.47 | 76.60 | 76.74 | 76.94 | 77.17 | 77.31 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | 83.49 | 83.21 | 82.96 | 82.71 | 82.51 | 82.27 | 82.05 | 81.80 | 81.50 |
| Biodiversity | 85.74 | 85.64 | 85.45 | 85.40 | 85.45 | 85.44 | 85.15 | 84.71 | 84.59 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | 88.00 | 88.08 | 87.94 | 88.09 | 88.40 | 88.60 | 88.24 | 87.62 | 87.67 |
| Coastal protection | 88.53 | 88.12 | 88.47 | 88.28 | 87.94 | 87.15 | 86.84 | 86.50 | 86.67 |
| Carbon storage | 79.24 | 79.19 | 79.24 | 79.25 | 79.30 | 79.34 | 79.34 | 79.36 | 79.36 |
| Clean water | 69.44 | 69.34 | 69.46 | 69.79 | 70.04 | 70.26 | 70.29 | 70.29 | 70.30 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | 59.22 | 61.00 | 61.60 | 60.82 | 60.02 | 59.09 | 59.06 | 58.10 | 56.46 |
| Food provision | 55.68 | 57.02 | 57.49 | 56.88 | 56.20 | 55.27 | 55.09 | 54.18 | 52.90 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 6.02 | 5.96 | 5.96 | 5.97 | 6.07 | 6.17 | 6.33 | 6.47 | 6.59 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | 67.11 | 68.12 | 68.21 | 68.69 | 67.85 | 67.76 | 68.79 | 65.66 | 65.56 |
| Sense of place | 60.18 | 60.64 | 60.98 | 61.37 | 61.33 | 62.52 | 63.26 | 61.90 | 61.68 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 53.25 | 53.16 | 53.75 | 54.04 | 54.82 | 57.29 | 57.73 | 58.14 | 57.81 |
| Natural products | 66.69 | 69.73 | 69.42 | 68.46 | 69.82 | 71.36 | 71.86 | 72.39 | 70.61 |
| Tourism & recreation | 49.51 | 50.62 | 51.32 | 52.39 | 53.46 | 52.74 | 52.92 | 53.07 | 52.86 |
The following is a very preliminary analysis of how the global scores changed over time. Global index scores decreased by an average 0.09 points per year, with 99 regions having decreasing trends and 119 having increasing trends.
| long_goal | average_change_per_year | p_value | num_rgns_pos_trend | num_rgns_neg_trend | mean_trend | sd_trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fisheries (subgoal) | -0.44 | 0.0174 | 76 | 142 | -0.29 | 0.97 |
| Food provision | -0.43 | 0.0082 | 86 | 134 | -0.26 | 1.05 |
| Coastal protection | -0.28 | 0.0002 | 43 | 64 | -0.04 | 0.40 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | -0.24 | 0.0000 | 15 | 202 | -0.30 | 0.18 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | -0.22 | 0.1614 | 45 | 169 | -0.38 | 0.49 |
| Biodiversity | -0.13 | 0.0005 | 44 | 172 | -0.18 | 0.56 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | -0.03 | 0.5534 | 99 | 101 | -0.07 | 1.10 |
| Carbon storage | 0.02 | 0.0003 | 58 | 40 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Livelihoods | 0.05 | 0.0588 | 77 | 66 | -0.03 | 0.68 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 0.08 | 0.0006 | 44 | 22 | 0.16 | 0.84 |
| Index | 0.09 | 0.1156 | 118 | 99 | 0.02 | 0.47 |
| Clean water | 0.14 | 0.0002 | 110 | 98 | 0.05 | 0.74 |
| Artisanal opportunities | 0.19 | 0.0000 | 165 | 29 | 0.19 | 0.38 |
| Livelihoods & economies | 0.24 | 0.1112 | 134 | 41 | 0.16 | 0.59 |
| Sense of place | 0.26 | 0.0200 | 74 | 140 | 0.10 | 1.13 |
| Tourism & recreation | 0.41 | 0.0049 | 140 | 50 | 0.40 | 1.60 |
| Economies | 0.44 | 0.1187 | 117 | 18 | 0.34 | 0.79 |
| Natural products | 0.52 | 0.0082 | 113 | 102 | -0.17 | 3.39 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 0.74 | 0.0001 | 77 | 41 | 0.59 | 2.27 |
The global average decreased by an average of 0.09 points per year, but there was a good deal of variation in trend among regions and goals.
The following histogram describes the distribution of trend (e.g., change in score per year) in index scores:
The 10 regions with the largest increases in index scores are:
| country | trend |
|---|---|
| Norfolk Island | 1.60 |
| Papua New Guinea | 1.51 |
| Madagascar | 1.29 |
| Indonesia | 1.08 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.93 |
| Pitcairn | 0.93 |
| Solomon Islands | 0.87 |
| New Caledonia | 0.85 |
| Cook Islands | 0.82 |
| Bassas da India | 0.81 |
The 10 regions with the largest decreases in index scores are:
| country | trend | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Macquarie Island | -0.81 |
| 212 | Eritrea | -0.81 |
| 213 | Liberia | -0.82 |
| 214 | Sint Maarten | -0.84 |
| 215 | Argentina | -0.87 |
| 216 | Israel | -0.95 |
| 217 | Western Sahara | -1.20 |
| 218 | Falkland Islands | -1.30 |
| 219 | Syria | -1.61 |
| 220 | Marshall Islands | -1.78 |
A heat map describing change in trend for country and goals:
This section takes a closer look at the goal/subgoal scores.
Goal/subgoal scores for the 2020 scenario.
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates | 100.00 |
| Norway | 100.00 |
| Qatar | 100.00 |
| Cayman Islands | 100.00 |
| United States | 100.00 |
| Ireland | 100.00 |
| Singapore | 100.00 |
| Brunei | 100.00 |
| Denmark | 99.98 |
| Netherlands | 99.96 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 191 | Vanuatu | 46.67 |
| 192 | Benin | 45.96 |
| 193 | Comoro Islands | 45.81 |
| 194 | Solomon Islands | 45.62 |
| 195 | Cameroon | 45.29 |
| 196 | Guinea | 44.88 |
| 197 | Madagascar | 44.42 |
| 198 | Liberia | 43.66 |
| 199 | Mozambique | 43.57 |
| 200 | Togo | 43.11 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Romania | 94.36 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 94.07 |
| Saba | 92.90 |
| Finland | 92.37 |
| Bulgaria | 92.03 |
| Estonia | 91.99 |
| Australia | 91.89 |
| Lithuania | 91.47 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 91.46 |
| Ukraine | 91.23 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Montenegro | 70.20 |
| 212 | Italy | 69.57 |
| 213 | Israel | 68.11 |
| 214 | Malta | 66.27 |
| 215 | Cyprus | 64.98 |
| 216 | Syria | 64.27 |
| 217 | Algeria | 64.10 |
| 218 | Lebanon | 63.66 |
| 219 | Monaco | 61.16 |
| 220 | Libya | 59.25 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Pitcairn | 100.00 |
| Macquarie Island | 100.00 |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | 99.96 |
| Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island | 99.93 |
| Clipperton Island | 99.85 |
| Saba | 99.81 |
| Romania | 99.78 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 99.69 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 99.63 |
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 99.62 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 209 | Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 51.34 |
| 210 | Nauru | 49.75 |
| 211 | Iceland | 49.61 |
| 212 | Lebanon | 47.73 |
| 213 | Togo | 47.69 |
| 214 | Cameroon | 46.11 |
| 215 | Jan Mayen | 30.91 |
| 216 | Gabon | 29.60 |
| 217 | Mauritania | 1.56 |
| 218 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.00 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 100 |
| Germany | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Clipperton Island | 100 |
| Estonia | 100 |
| Netherlands | 100 |
| Denmark | 100 |
| Pitcairn | 100 |
| Belgium | 100 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 160 | Liberia | 34.84 |
| 161 | Ivory Coast | 32.93 |
| 162 | Sierra Leone | 31.85 |
| 163 | Guinea | 31.38 |
| 164 | Senegal | 30.59 |
| 165 | Guinea Bissau | 30.41 |
| 166 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 29.91 |
| 167 | Nicaragua | 29.75 |
| 168 | Dominica | 26.92 |
| 169 | Belize | 23.00 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Germany | 100 |
| Seychelles | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Estonia | 100 |
| Netherlands | 100 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 100 |
| Denmark | 100 |
| Belgium | 100 |
| Morocco | 100 |
| Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands of the United States | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 139 | Liberia | 34.77 |
| 140 | Senegal | 33.76 |
| 141 | Guinea | 32.96 |
| 142 | Sierra Leone | 32.89 |
| 143 | Ivory Coast | 32.84 |
| 144 | Guinea Bissau | 30.66 |
| 145 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 29.92 |
| 146 | Barbados | 27.01 |
| 147 | Dominica | 26.66 |
| 148 | Nicaragua | 9.72 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 99.71 |
| Falkland Islands | 98.96 |
| Bouvet Island | 98.91 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 98.89 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 98.78 |
| Jarvis Island | 98.38 |
| Macquarie Island | 98.25 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 97.85 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 96.82 |
| Crozet Islands | 96.78 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Guatemala | 31.97 |
| 212 | Israel | 30.24 |
| 213 | India | 29.48 |
| 214 | Slovenia | 28.41 |
| 215 | Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 28.13 |
| 216 | Nauru | 24.24 |
| 217 | Benin | 23.91 |
| 218 | Togo | 21.44 |
| 219 | Gibraltar | 19.64 |
| 220 | Monaco | 19.61 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Crozet Islands | 97.85 |
| Pitcairn | 97.35 |
| Clipperton Island | 96.05 |
| French Polynesia | 95.70 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 94.70 |
| Tuvalu | 94.48 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 92.85 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 91.19 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 89.95 |
| Ascension | 89.10 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Samoa | 17.29 |
| 212 | South Korea | 17.24 |
| 213 | East Timor | 16.55 |
| 214 | Bangladesh | 13.30 |
| 215 | Cambodia | 12.49 |
| 216 | Vietnam | 11.99 |
| 217 | Myanmar | 10.40 |
| 218 | Haiti | 9.63 |
| 219 | Somalia | 9.36 |
| 220 | North Korea | 3.08 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Norway | 100 |
| Netherlands | 100 |
| South Korea | 100 |
| Slovenia | 100 |
| Finland | 100 |
| Taiwan | 100 |
| Spain | 100 |
| Bulgaria | 100 |
| China | 100 |
| Singapore | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 184 | Guinea Bissau | 0 |
| 185 | Dominica | 0 |
| 186 | Guinea | 0 |
| 187 | Haiti | 0 |
| 188 | Syria | 0 |
| 189 | Liberia | 0 |
| 190 | Libya | 0 |
| 191 | Sierra Leone | 0 |
| 192 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0 |
| 193 | Ivory Coast | 0 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Finland | 96.15 |
| Lithuania | 95.83 |
| Latvia | 95.83 |
| Poland | 95.83 |
| Estonia | 95.45 |
| Sweden | 92.78 |
| Denmark | 92.50 |
| Germany | 91.99 |
| Bouvet Island | 90.00 |
| Romania | 89.41 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Bangladesh | 54.60 |
| 212 | Yemen | 54.59 |
| 213 | Micronesia | 54.43 |
| 214 | Tokelau | 54.31 |
| 215 | Sudan | 54.29 |
| 216 | Tuvalu | 53.65 |
| 217 | Vanuatu | 53.30 |
| 218 | Myanmar | 52.42 |
| 219 | Thailand | 51.24 |
| 220 | Cambodia | 49.47 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 100 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 100 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 100 |
| Germany | 100 |
| Jarvis Island | 100 |
| Glorioso Islands | 100 |
| Jan Mayen | 100 |
| Estonia | 100 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 100 |
| Ile Europa | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Niue | 0 |
| 212 | Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 0 |
| 213 | Iraq | 0 |
| 214 | Nauru | 0 |
| 215 | Eritrea | 0 |
| 216 | Benin | 0 |
| 217 | Sudan | 0 |
| 218 | Togo | 0 |
| 219 | Syria | 0 |
| 220 | Libya | 0 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| East Timor | 99.94 |
| Norway | 99.75 |
| Peru | 99.75 |
| Jan Mayen | 99.74 |
| Curacao | 99.67 |
| Tuvalu | 99.66 |
| Aruba | 99.18 |
| Papua New Guinea | 99.09 |
| Lithuania | 99.08 |
| China | 98.98 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 208 | Marshall Islands | 9.52 |
| 209 | Singapore | 6.68 |
| 210 | Belize | 5.71 |
| 211 | Jamaica | 5.38 |
| 212 | Haiti | 3.84 |
| 213 | Bonaire | 3.11 |
| 214 | Colombia | 2.24 |
| 215 | Samoa | 2.06 |
| 216 | Suriname | 0.44 |
| 217 | Sint Maarten | 0.02 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Seychelles | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Aruba | 100 |
| Curacao | 100 |
| Bahamas | 100 |
| Croatia | 100 |
| New Zealand | 100 |
| Malta | 100 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 100 |
| Greece | 100 |
| region_name | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 191 | Benin | 9.60 |
| 192 | Republique du Congo | 9.22 |
| 193 | Nigeria | 8.79 |
| 194 | Sierra Leone | 8.52 |
| 195 | Libya | 6.87 |
| 196 | Gabon | 5.54 |
| 197 | Angola | 5.25 |
| 198 | Papua New Guinea | 5.17 |
| 199 | Yemen | 4.02 |
| 200 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2.02 |
Annual change in goal/subgoal scores calculated using a linear regression on scores from 2012 to 2020.
To obtain a more complete picture of which regions are doing well and which are doing poorly we compared the average index scores (averaged over 2012 to 2020) and the trends for each region.
Of most concern are regions that have poor scores and declining trends.
The following is an interactive plot (region names are visible when hovering over the points) showing the relationship between average index scores and trend. The horizontal line represents the 0 trend and the vertical line is the average of the average index scores.
The following is a comparison of the global status scores generated for the 2018 scenario by this year’s assessment vs. last year’s assessment.
If the models and source data remain the same, these scores should be exactly the same. Differences indicate changes in methods or source data.
These changes do not reflect changes in actual system health!
| long_goal | future | pressures | resilience | score | status | trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artisanal opportunities | 0.1725500 | -0.1221364 | 0.6182727 | 0.2381500 | 0.3034500 | 0.0006000 |
| Biodiversity | -3.6203182 | NaN | NaN | -3.6628182 | -3.7047727 | -0.0039091 |
| Carbon storage | 0.2844595 | -0.6195946 | 0.8354730 | 0.1429054 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Clean water | 0.2102727 | -0.5459091 | 0.5459545 | 0.1048636 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Coastal protection | 0.4084431 | -1.1328235 | 0.8761765 | 0.1099401 | -0.1883234 | 0.0043624 |
| Economies | 0.1200980 | -0.5959716 | 0.7292727 | 0.0603431 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | 5.1669545 | -0.3648182 | 0.1631364 | 5.2730909 | 5.3800000 | -0.0332727 |
| Food provision | 4.9983636 | NaN | NaN | 5.0516364 | 5.1050455 | -0.0273182 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | -4.5596789 | 0.1886697 | 0.3952294 | -4.9858716 | -5.4126147 | 0.0062441 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | -0.6326818 | -0.6321818 | 0.1089545 | -0.4937727 | -0.3545000 | -0.0105189 |
| Index | 2.0685909 | NA | NA | 1.9166818 | NA | NA |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 1.6946818 | -0.5455000 | 0.5459545 | 1.5190909 | 1.3434545 | 0.0233636 |
| Livelihoods | 0.1141176 | -0.4310427 | 0.5457273 | 0.0570588 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Livelihoods & economies | 0.1175980 | NaN | NaN | 0.0588725 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 0.5560104 | -0.5464545 | 0.5458182 | 0.4660622 | 0.3755959 | 0.0098964 |
| Natural products | 23.6283200 | -1.1563077 | -1.0500000 | 23.8166400 | 24.0051200 | 0.0537903 |
| Sense of place | 0.5310909 | NaN | NaN | 0.5130909 | 0.4944091 | 0.0071364 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | -2.7122727 | 0.1655909 | 0.6725455 | -2.3747273 | -2.0370909 | -0.0140000 |
| Tourism & recreation | 1.6002000 | -0.5460909 | 0.5459545 | 1.5140500 | 1.4278000 | 0.0442500 |
The following interactive plot provides an overview of how the 2019 scenario scores changed between the 2018 and 2020 assessments for all goals and dimensions.
